Background: Social health insurances are created to achieve public coverage in order to access affordable health care services. Therefore, stewardships of health system should intervene to fulfill these objectives. Objectives: The current study aimed at proposing an interaction pattern between health system and insurances in the field of financing. Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted in two phases from 2017 to 2018. A qualitative interview was employed to identify dimensions and requirements of the interactions in Iran. In the second phase, the extracted items and dimensions were reviewed by experts using Delphi technique and focus-group discussions in two rounds. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 using one-sample t-test. Results: In the qualitative section, two aspects of interaction ways and mechanisms were determined and finally six themes were extracted. In the first round of Delphi, out of 43 extracted items, 12 items were omitted and 31 items achieved the agreement limit. All 31 items were approved by the experts in the second round of Delphi (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: Employment of interaction concepts in the field of financing requires a thorough examination of the conditions of each country and it is necessary to create the required infrastructures to achieve the desired situation. Interaction mechanisms of stewardship and social health insurances are not clear in Iran; therefore, creating constituency committees of uniformity is suggested.

Background: Social health insurances provide protection to access affordable coverage of services and stewardships of health system need to intervene to fulfill these objectives. This study conducted to assess interaction between stewardship and social health insurances. Methods: This qualitative study conducted in two phases as comparative study and document analysis in 2018. Comparative study employed to identify the dimensions and requirements of interaction between stewardship of health systems and social health insurances in countries around the world. In document analysis, all evidence about Iran health financing reviewed. Data extraction forms were used to gather data. Results: There were less interaction between stewardship and social health insurances in revenue collection and risk pooling. Advisory role of stewardship and proposals to coverage of uninsured people and performing risk analysis were some examples of such interaction. In Iran’ s health system, where stewardship plays a magnificent role in service provision, the basis of interactions are contracts, payment systems and timeline of payments. Conclusion: Mechanisms of interaction in Iran is not clear or does not work properly. Thus, nonstructural merging of social health insurances needs to redefine these mechanisms.

Background: Cost- benefit analysis is a main index for assessing medical health services. Objective: To present a quantitative model for estimating cost- benefit of medical insurances of Shiraz medical insurance organization. Methods: The medical insurance organization services were divided into seven distinct sections based on the types of medical insurance and care (out patient and long stay services). Data was obtained by direct method and benefit- cost ratios were calculated appropriately. Findings: Benefit - cost ratios were calculated as 0.8 for governmental staff, supportive and other classes medical insurances. The figures decreased to 0.6 for self medical insurance. It was estimated as 9.3 for rural medical insurance. The overall ratio was obtained as 2.6. Conclusion: A fundamental change for improving economic outcomes of public sector's personnel insurance as well as other ones is necessary so as to increase the benefit- cost ratio to more than unity figure.

Economic growth has always been one of the core objectives of economic system, and this growth is not possible without funding. Insurance companies are financial institutions that beside the effective development and by providing capital economic security can create funds during the intervals of receiving premium or paying damages in order to provide the context for economic growth by accumulation of capital. In a classification, insurance market activities are divided into two parts of life insurance and non-life insurance. Life insurance is the fund of risks that threaten humans’ health, life, and ability of working. Therefore, the risks that are mainly covered in individuals’ insurance are incident, illness, permanent disability, retirement, old age, and death. Non-life insurance includes in fact all insurance subjects except life insurances. This collection includes accident insurance, health insurance, fire insurance, cargo insurance, vehicle insurance (third-party and surplus insurance, driver’s accident insurance and car body insurance), ship insurance, aircraft insurance, liability insurance, engineering insurance, oil and energy insurance, money insurance, credit insurance and other insurance types. Therefore, the goal of this research is to investigate the impact of insurance on economic growth of 50 countries. In this study, two samples including 30 selected developed countries and 24 selected developing countries are studied. Various criteria such as countries’ diversity of geographic location and the availability of data have been used in the selection of countries. All data on the penetration rate of insurance have been extracted from the Sigma Journal and other information are extracted from the World Bank database. The distinction between this research and previous studies is in existence of the variables of this research (life and non-life insurance, physical capital accumulation, human capital, economic freedom, and accumulation of research and development costs) in the form of production function in the newer time period and more statistical society, and the use of dynamic panel statistical method. The endogenous growth model has been used to test the effect of insurance on economic growth. The applied model is a dynamic panel model which is estimated through the two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) for panel data in the interval 2000-2015 using Eviews and Stata software. This method is more suitable than other methods for at least three reasons. Endogenous variables can be used in this method. One of the advantages of this method is that it allows to use the interruption of these variables as appropriate tools for controlling the endogeneity. The second advantage of this method is that one can insert the dynamics of the variable under consideration in the model, and the third advantage is that this method can be used in all time-series, cross-sectional and panel data. To do this research, four regression models were considered to determine the impact of life insurance on the economic growth of developed countries, to determine the impact of non-life insurance on the economic growth of developed countries, to determine the impact of life insurance on economic growth of developing countries, and to determine the impact of non-life insurance on economic growth of developing countries. The results of the four estimates suggest that life and non-life insurance have a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of developing and developed countries. In developing countries, the impact of non-life insurance on economic growth is greater than life insurance, while in developed countries, life insurance has a greater role. The effect of life and non-life insurance on the growth of developing countries is higher than developed countries. Therefore, due to the low level of per-capita income and GDP in developing countries, the impact of life and non-life insurance on their economic growth is higher than that of developed countries. There is a long-term relationship between life and non-life insurance in the two groups of selected countries. Also, other results showed the positive significant impact of the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, accumulation of research and development costs, and trade openness on economic development of the both groups of selected countries.

The Underground Economy is a phenomenon that all countries have to deal with it. The researches display that the size of activities in the underground economy are fairly large as well as, these activities are the causes of most economic disturbances; therefore, its estimation is important in the tax gap realization, the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies, economic growth and income distribution aspects.In empirical section, we estimated first the size of the underground economic activities for Iran from 1352 to 1387 by using exploratory factor analysis. Second, we have investigated the impacts of some variables such asdirect tax burden, indirect tax burden, gross fixed capital formation, money supply, GDP, and direct tax rate of activity on the underground economy by econometric model. The empirical results indicate that underground economic are equal to 26.77 percent of GDP, respectively. The model showed that the long-run GDP growth shocks and growth of gross capital formation have a negative effect on the growth of the underground economy. And the shock of money supply growth, load growth in indirect taxes, direct taxes and the growth rate of load growth activities a positive effect on have underground economy. That among these factors, GDP growth has had the greatest influence on the underground economy.

Problem Design: The existence of massive inequality in income distribution results in poverty and increasing its scope, since for a given level of economic growth, high inequality in income distribution gives rise to creating more gaps among social classes and expanding poverty. So, policy-makers use some instruments including insurance, minimum wage determination and taxing in order to correct income distribution along with economic growth goals. From early 20th century until 1950s, most economists paid attention to increasing economic growth, however, after 1950s especially from 1970s they emphasized on increasing the quality of life with regard to widening income gap among the poor and the rich and also development in public insights. This issue was accompanied first in the rich countries by changing of work laws in favor of labor, providing the considerable welfare services to workers, increasing tax on capital owners and the rich classes; and offering social insurances for less income people. Thus, from this viewpoint, the equilibrium generating in income distribution models has become one of the government aims in economic policymaking. Our goal in this paper is to show whether social insurance is an effective instrument to decreasing inequality. In other words, what changes in income distribution occur because of changes in insurance levels?Method: Insurances such as unemployment insurance, retirement insurance, life insurance and so on, can play an important role in and also affect on income and facilities distribution in the society. In this paper, with reference to existing data and information, the relationship between social insurances and income inequality in Iran is explained using estimation of regression models.Findings: the findings indicate that the Kuznets hypothesis has been violated in Iran. Also, the received premiums of life and non-life insurances result in decreasing inequality. On the other hand, the effect of life insurances on decreasing income inequality is far more than the effect of non-life insurances. The suggestion of current paper for decreasing income inequality and its appropriate distribution is to use the other suitable instruments along with social insurances.Results: The main purpose of this paper is the study of the relationship between income inequality and social insurances in Iran during the period over 1344-1384. To get this end, after literature review on income inequality and social insurances we construct a model on Kuznets hypothesis base. The results show that promotion of social insurances including life and non-life insurances reduces the incomes inequality. The impact of social insurances on inequality is significant but negligible. In any way, this small effect of rising social insurances on decreasing inequality should not be ignored, since this small effect is important for attaining to optimal income distribution.

Today, compulsory insurance plays an important role in the economic and legal system of countries, and the current status of this institution indicates its high capacity to cover various dimensions of damage to people. Therefore, the importance and position of compulsory insurance is undeniable. Explaining the monopoly of compulsory insurance territory is very important in certain cases, and according to these explanations and foundations, a fundamental question is raised. This article examines the basics and scope of compulsory insurance with analytical and descriptive methods and relying on library studies. And it seeks to answer this question: Is the scope of liability insurance in compulsory insurance limited to the cases that are covered by civil liability in Iranian law, or should other cases be included? And this result was obtained that according to the principles that are mentioned for compulsory insurance, by presenting a new theory, in order to preserve and protect property and respect people's lives, cases that do not have a codified law of compulsory insurance in Iranian law can be examined. are. Therefore, it is suggested to establish a mechanism to require compulsory insurance in order to achieve a balanced interpretation of the compensation of the injured people.